MUSEUM OF THE FALLEN
Dominance is not eternal.
The Museum

Credits & colophon

Every image in this museum is stored locally and carries its source and licence. 259 images across 249 graves.

Data sources

Facts, dates, and figures come from the sources cited on each grave's page — chiefly Encyclopaedia Britannica, Wikipedia, primary scholarship (e.g. Taagepera for empire areas), and named reports. Remembrance figures (pageviews and language-edition counts) are pulled from the Wikimedia REST and API endpoints.

Logos

Company logos and historical marks are shown to identify the company being written about (nominative use). The logo files used here are in the public domain on Wikimedia Commons (simple or below-the-threshold-of-originality marks); trademarks remain the property of their respective owners and no endorsement is implied.

Images

Licences abbreviated: CC0 / Public domain (free of copyright), CC BY / CC BY-SA (attribution, share-alike) — see each link for full terms.

Dead Companies

  • Arthur Andersen — The Arthur Andersen wordmark, the accounting firm that collapsed with Enron in 2002.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Atari, Inc. — The Atari 'Fuji' symbol of three tapering vertical bars.. Atari, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • The Bardi and Peruzzi banks — A gold Florentine florin (c. 1285-1290) with the fleur-de-lis and St John the Baptist; the coin of the Florence the Bardi and Peruzzi banked in.. Suffolk County Council / Riccardo Caravello, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Barings Bank — Thomas Lawrence's portrait of Sir Francis Baring with John Baring and Charles Wall, founders' generation of Barings Bank.. Thomas Lawrence, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • BCCI — The Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) building in Karachi, Pakistan.. Anwar Ahmed, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Bear Stearns — The Bear Stearns corporate logo; the investment bank failed in March 2008.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Bethlehem Steel — The Bethlehem Steel Corporation logo.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Blockbuster — The Blockbuster logo. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Blockbuster — A Blockbuster Video storefront in Anchorage, Alaska. Jon Konrath, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Borders — A former Borders bookstore in downtown Milwaukee, before the chain's 2011 liquidation.. Aaron Volkening, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Braniff International Airways — The red Braniff International Airways logo from the 1965 Unimark design.. Braniff Airways, Inc., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • British East India Company — The flag of the British East India Company (1801). Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • British Leyland — A British Leyland badge on a car; the nationalised carmaker behind Austin, Morris and Triumph.. The359, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Circuit City — The Circuit City logo, the US electronics retailer that liquidated in 2009.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Commodore International — The rainbow-striped Commodore 64 logo of Commodore Business Machines.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Compaq — The 1993 Compaq logo with its red arc and blue wordmark.. Compaq Computer Corporation, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • CompuServe — The later CompuServe logo.. CompuServe, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Daewoo — The Daewoo Motors wordmark; the Korean conglomerate collapsed in 1999.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • DeLorean Motor Company — The DeLorean Motor Company DMC eagle logo.. Bovineone, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) — The 'digital' logotype of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC).. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Drexel Burnham Lambert — The Drexel Burnham Lambert logo; the junk-bond investment bank collapsed in 1990.. Cantabrucu, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Dutch East India Company — The VOC monogram, the first globally recognised corporate logo. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Eastern Air Lines — The Eastern Air Lines wordmark; the US carrier ceased operations in 1991.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • E. F. Hutton & Co. — The E. F. Hutton brokerage wordmark.. E. F. Hutton, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Enron — The Enron logo, designed by Paul Rand. Paul Rand, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Enron — The Enron headquarters complex in Houston. Alex, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • FTX — The FTX logo; the crypto exchange collapsed in November 2022.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • General Magic — A Sony Magic Link personal communicator running General Magic's Magic Cap OS.. Josh Carter, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Gimbels — The Gimbels department-store logo.. Gimbels, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company (A&P) — The A&P logo of The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company.. Tkgd2007 (English Wikipedia), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Hudson's Bay Company — The 1671 coat of arms of the Hudson's Bay Company, with four beavers around a St George's cross.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Knickerbocker Trust Company — The Knickerbocker Trust Company building in New York City, photographed in the early 1900s.. Bain News Service, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Lehman Brothers — The Lehman Brothers logo. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Lehman Brothers — Lehman Brothers' headquarters in Times Square, New York. David Shankbone, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Long-Term Capital Management — The Long-Term Capital Management logo; the hedge fund collapsed in 1998.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Medici Bank — The coat of arms of the House of Medici. F l a n k e r, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Compagnie du Mississippi — A 1720 Dutch satirical engraving on the Mississippi Company share mania, from 'Het Groote Tafereel der Dwaasheid', Library of Congress.. British Cartoon Prints Collection, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Monarch Airlines — The Monarch Airlines logo.. Monarch Airlines, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Montgomery Ward — The Montgomery Ward wordmark used in the company's final years.. Montgomery Ward, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Nortel Networks — The Nortel Networks wordmark; the Canadian telecom giant filed for bankruptcy in 2009.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Packard Motor Car Company — The Packard automobile script logo used before 1958.. Unknown, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Palm, Inc. — A Palm m125 personal digital assistant in hand, running Palm OS.. Siarhei Besarab, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Pan Am — The Pan Am globe logo. Pan Am Systems, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Pan Am — A Pan Am Boeing 747, the Clipper Victor, at London Heathrow. Paul Seymour, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Penn Central Transportation Company — The Penn Central 'worm' logo, the interlocking PC mark introduced at the 1968 merger.. Xb-70, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Pets.com — The Pets.com sock-puppet mascot, with its microphone headset, on display at a memorabilia exhibit.. Atomic Taco, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Polaroid Corporation — The Polaroid rainbow-stripe wordmark.. Retro00064, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Pullman Company — An 1894 colour lithograph of a Pullman dining car interior, with a porter serving passengers.. Strobridge & Co. Lith., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Quibi — The Quibi purple wordmark logo.. Quibi Holdings LLC, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • RKO Pictures — The 1933 RKO Radio Pictures logo: a radio tower broadcasting atop a globe.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Saab Automobile — The Saab Automobile wordmark.. Saab, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Silicon Graphics (SGI) — The tricolour SGI logo of Silicon Graphics.. Silicon Graphics, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • South Sea Company — An 18th-century engraving satirising the collapse of the South Sea Company in 1720, Rijksmuseum.. Rijksmuseum, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Standard Oil — A 1904 Puck cartoon by Udo Keppler depicting Standard Oil as an octopus gripping industry and the US Capitol.. Udo Keppler, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Studebaker — The Studebaker script wordmark; the carmaker stopped production in 1966.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Swissair — The Swissair logo with the Swiss cross; the airline was grounded in 2001.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Theranos — The Theranos logo; the blood-testing startup collapsed amid fraud charges in 2018.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Tower Records — The Tower Records store on Sunset Boulevard, West Hollywood, photographed in 2006 shortly before it closed.. Mike Dillon, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Trans World Airlines — The TWA globe-and-twin-lines logo in red.. Jetijonez (English Wikipedia), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Wang Laboratories — The Wang Laboratories wordmark.. Wang Laboratories, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Washington Mutual — The Washington Mutual (WaMu) wordmark logo.. Washington Mutual, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Webvan — A Webvan grocery delivery truck photographed in 2005, in the defunct company's livery.. Mark Coggins, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Wirecard — The 2019 Wirecard wordmark; the German payments firm collapsed in fraud in June 2020.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Woolworths (UK) — The Woolworths Group PLC logo of the UK retail chain that closed in January 2009.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)

Fallen Gods

  • Anat — Granite statue of Ramesses II seated beside the war goddess Anat, 19th Dynasty, 13th century BCE, Egyptian Museum, Cairo. A. Parrot, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Anu — Middle register of the kudurru boundary stone of Ritti-Marduk, bearing divine emblems including the symbol of the sky-god Anu, Babylonian, 1125–1104 BCE, British Museum. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Ashur — Limestone relief of the god Ashur as an archer within a winged disc, with the worshipping hands of Ashurnasirpal II at right, Neo-Assyrian, 865–850 BCE, British Museum. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Astarte — Limestone figurine of a seated goddess on a throne, probably Astarte, from Cyprus, first half of the 6th century BCE, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Faustyna E., CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Baal/Hadad — Limestone stele of Baal with a thunderbolt, the storm-god striding with raised arm, from Ugarit, c. 1400–1200 BCE, Louvre Museum. Jastrow, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Chaac — Ceramic effigy vessel in the form of the Maya rain god Chaac, with his characteristic long curved snout, Post-Classic 1250–1450 CE, National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico City. Gary Todd, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Coatlicue — Stone sculpture of Coatlicue, the Aztec earth goddess, wearing a skirt of serpents, from Cozcatlán, National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico City. José Luiz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Dagon — Sandstone stele bearing a Ugaritic cuneiform dedication to the god Dagan, 13th century BCE, from the Temple of Dagan at Ugarit, Louvre Museum. Zunkir, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Dumuzi / Tammuz — Impression of a cylinder seal, c. 2600–2300 BCE, depicting a scene from the Sumerian myth of Dumuzi the shepherd taken to the underworld. Unknown, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Enki / Ea — Stone water basin from the temple court at Assur, carved with the god Enki flanked by two apkallu in fish-skin garments, Neo-Assyrian, reign of Sennacherib 704–681 BCE, Pergamon Museum, Berlin. Bautsch, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Enlil — Baked clay figurine of the god Enlil seated, from the scribal quarter at Nippur, 1800–1600 BCE; Iraq Museum, Baghdad. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Ereshkigal — The Burney Relief (the 'Queen of the Night') — a winged goddess with talons standing on lions and flanked by owls, Old Babylonian, 19th–18th century BCE; British Museum. BabelStone, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Eshmun — Votive marble head from the Temple of Eshmun at Bustan el-Sheikh, Lebanon, 4th century BCE; National Museum of Beirut. Elie plus, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Huitzilopochtli — Huitzilopochtli holding a turquoise serpent and shield, in a hummingbird helmet, from the Tovar Codex, late 16th century. Juan de Tovar (c. 1546–1626), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Inanna / Ishtar — Molded-brick relief of a deity pouring life-giving water, from the facade of Inanna's temple at Uruk, c. 1413 BCE; Pergamon Museum, Berlin. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Inti — Inti as a sun disk with a human face and radiating flames, from Guaman Poma's chronicle, 1615. Guaman Poma de Ayala, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Itzamna — The aged Maya creator god Itzamna (God D), painted on a Classic-period ceramic vessel. Unknown Maya artist, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Ix Chel — The Maya moon goddess Ix Chel pouring water from a vessel, from the Dresden Codex. Dresden Codex (Maya), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Kukulkan — Carved stone serpent head of Kukulkán at the base of El Castillo pyramid, Chichen Itza, Yucatán; c. 9th–12th century CE. ZuyuaT, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Marduk — Mušḫuššu dragon of Marduk in glazed molded brick from the Ishtar Gate of Babylon, 6th century BCE; Pergamon Museum, Berlin. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Melqart — Bronze statuette of Melqart, the Phoenician god of Tyre, held at the National Museum of Denmark.. Akrasia25, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Mictlantecuhtli — Ceramic statuette of Mictlantecuhtli, Aztec lord of the dead, held in the British Museum.. Simon Burchell, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Moloch — 18th-century German illustration of the idol Moloch, showing the deity with seven chambers or chapels.. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Mot — Cuneiform clay tablets from Ugarit (Louvre AO16641-AO16642) recording the Baal Cycle, in which Mot, Canaanite god of death, slays Baal.. Rama, CC BY-SA 2.0 fr, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0 fr)
  • Nabu — Colossal limestone statue of Nabu, Mesopotamian god of writing and wisdom, 8th century BCE, from Nimrud, now in the Iraq Museum.. Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Nergal — Stone relief carving of Nergal, Mesopotamian god of death and plague, from the ancient Parthian city of Hatra, Iraq.. Unknown ancient Hatran relief sculptor, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Nethuns — Engraved Etruscan bronze mirror from Tuscania showing Nethuns alongside Usil and Thesan, in the Vatican Museums.. Nancy T. de Grummond, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Ninhursag — Sumerian clay tablet (Penn Museum CBS4561) inscribed with the myth of Enki and Ninhursag, from Nippur, c. 1900-1600 BCE.. Onceinawhile (talk · contribs), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Quetzalcoatl — Depiction of the Aztec feathered-serpent god Quetzalcoatl from the Codex Telleriano-Remensis, a 16th-century manuscript.. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Shamash / Utu — Relief on the Tablet of Shamash (9th century BCE, British Museum), showing the Babylonian sun god enthroned before King Nabu-apla-iddina; found at Sippar.. Prioryman, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Sun Goddess of Arinna — Hittite bronze figurine of a goddess and child, identified with the Sun Goddess of Arinna, 15th-13th century BCE, Metropolitan Museum of Art.. PHGCOM, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Tanit — Stone stele depicting the Punic goddess Tanit, ancient Carthaginian artifact, Bardo National Museum, Tunis.. Juanan (Wikimedia Commons), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Tarhunz — Basalt relief from Aslantepe showing a king pouring a libation to the Luwian storm god Tarhunz in two poses, Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara.. Dosseman, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Teshub — Basalt relief depicting the storm god Teshub, Neo-Hittite, from Carchemish, British Museum.. Unknown artist, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Tezcatlipoca — The black god Tezcatlipoca as depicted in the Codex Borgia, a pre-Columbian Aztec manuscript.. Unknown author, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Tiamat — Engraving of Marduk slaying Tiamat, the dragon of primeval chaos, from Sacred Books of the East: Babylonia and Assyria, 1907.. Prof. Charles F. Horne, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Tinia — Etruscan black-figure amphora showing a procession of Tinia and other deities, c. 520-510 BCE, Martin von Wagner Museum, Wuerzburg.. Daderot, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Tlaloc — Glyph of the Aztec rain and thunder god Tlaloc, after the Codex Magliabechiano.. Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Viracocha — The Gateway of the Sun at Tiwanaku, Bolivia; the central 'Staff God' relief above the doorway is widely identified with the creator god Viracocha. Bgabel, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Voltumna — Excavations at Rocca dei Papi, Montefiascone, one of the proposed sites of the Fanum Voltumnae, central sanctuary of the Etruscan league.. Robin Rönnlund, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Xipe Totec — Pendant-mask associated with rituals of Xipe Totec, Aztec god of agriculture and renewal, Valley of Mexico, Louvre Museum.. Marie-Lan Nguyen, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)

Dead Languages

  • Aka-Bo — A map of the languages of the Andaman Islands at British contact. Talasais Republike, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Akkadian — Cuneiform inscription on the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, in Akkadian, c. 2254-2218 BCE, Louvre.. Rama, CC BY-SA 3.0 fr, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0 fr)
  • Beothuk — Map of the territory of the Beothuk language across Newfoundland before its extinction.. ish ishwar (English Wikipedia), CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Chitimacha — Map of the historical range of the Chitimacha language in southern Louisiana. Unknown author, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Crimean Gothic — Map of Old Norse and related Germanic languages c. 900 CE, with the Crimean Gothic area marked on the Crimean Peninsula.. Wiglaf (English Wikipedia), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Dalmatian — A map of where Dalmatian was spoken along the Adriatic coast. Bogdan, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Etruscan — The Pyrgi Tablets, three inscribed gold laminae in Etruscan and Phoenician, c. 500 BCE, Museo di Villa Giulia, Rome.. Unknown, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Eyak — Cordova, Alaska, on the Copper River delta — the Eyak homeland. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Gaulish — Close-up of the Coligny Calendar, a bronze tablet inscribed in Gaulish, 1st-2nd century CE, Gallo-Roman Museum, Lyon.. NantonosAedui, CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.5)
  • Gothic — An open spread of the Codex Argenteus, the 6th-century Gothic Bible written in silver ink on purple parchment, Uppsala University Library.. Magnus Hjalmarsson, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • Hittite — A Hittite cuneiform clay tablet, Late Bronze Age, Oriental Institute, Chicago.. Mx. Granger, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Hurrian — A Hurrian cuneiform clay tablet (AO 12016), 13th century BCE, from Ugarit, Louvre.. Rama, CC BY-SA 3.0 fr, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0 fr)
  • Kamassian — Map of the historical range of the Sayan Samoyedic languages, including Kamassian, in southern Siberia. Rantanen et al. 2022, Geographical Database of the Uralic Languages, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • Klallam — Hazel Sampson, the last first-language speaker of Klallam. Neddy1234 at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Meroitic — A Meroitic inscription from Meroe in the cursive Meroitic script, 1st century CE, State Museum of Egyptian Art, Munich.. Rufus46, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Norn — Map of Orkney and Shetland, the islands where Norn was spoken. Fobos92, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Old Prussian — A page from the Old Prussian Catechism printed in Koenigsberg in 1545, one of only three surviving Old Prussian texts.. Hans Weinreich, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Phoenician / Punic — The Phoenician inscription on the Ahiram sarcophagus, c. 1000 BCE, one of the earliest examples of the Phoenician alphabet, National Museum of Beirut.. Onceinawhile, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Sumerian — A Sumerian cuneiform stone tablet (AO 3866), inscribed in the Sumerian language, Louvre.. Gary Todd, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Taino — Map of the Taino and related Arawak peoples across the Antilles at the time of Spanish contact in the late 15th century.. Yavidaxiu, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Tangut — A gold-ink page of the Golden Light Sutra in Tangut script, Western Xia dynasty (11th-13th century CE).. BabelStone, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Tasmanian languages — A linguistic map of Tasmania showing the Aboriginal language groups across the island at European contact.. Kwamikagami (English Wikipedia), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Tocharian — A Tocharian B manuscript fragment in Brahmi script from Kucha, Tarim Basin, British Library.. Unknown, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Ubykh — The gravestone of Tevfik Esenç, the last fluent speaker of Ubykh. Rhona Fenwick, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Ugaritic — A clay tablet of the Baal epic in the Ugaritic cuneiform alphabet (AO 16640), 14th-13th century BCE, from Ras Shamra, Louvre.. Rama, CC BY-SA 2.0 fr, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0 fr)
  • Yaghan — Cristina Calderón, the last fluent speaker of Yaghan. Victor Alejandro Correa Rueda, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)

Lost Technology

  • Adobe Flash Player — The Adobe Flash Player logo, the stylized red and white lowercase 'f' mark.. Adobe, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Advanced Photo System — Several APS (IX240) film cartridges in their small cylindrical casings.. Nxr-at, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Betamax — A Sony Betamax videocassette, the format that lost the home-video war to VHS.. Echtner, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The BlackBerry — A BlackBerry KEYone smartphone, showing the brand's signature physical QWERTY keyboard below the touchscreen.. Steven H. Keys, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • Bulletin Board System — The text-based main menu of a dial-up bulletin board system shown on a terminal.. Warrenlead, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Car Phone — A Bosch CarTel T cellular car telephone handset (a rebadged Motorola International 1000) from the early GSM era.. Bohdan Bazooka, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Cathode-Ray Tube Television — A vintage console cathode-ray-tube television set.. Stefan Kühn, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • CED VideoDisc — An RCA SelectaVision CED VideoDisc in its protective plastic caddy.. Tião d'Gás, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • The Compact Cassette — A Compact Cassette audio tape shown beside a DAT cassette, illustrating the magnetic tape format.. Inpriva, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Concorde — British Airways Concorde G-BOAC in flight. Eduard Marmet, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Daguerreotype — A daguerreotype portrait of Louis Daguerre, inventor of the process, on a silvered plate.. Charles Richard Meade, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Daisy-Wheel Printer — A daisy wheel printer with its cover open, showing the print mechanism and the daisy wheel character element.. Wikidevnl, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Digital Audio Tape — An Aiwa DAT recorder beside a Sony Digital Audio Tape cassette.. Kippelboy, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • The Dial-Up Modem — An external 33.6 kbps serial dial-up modem with status indicator lights.. Frunze103, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Digital Compact Cassette — The front face of a Digital Compact Cassette (DCC) tape.. Paul Forsdick, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • The Discman (portable CD player) — A Sony Discman portable CD player (model D-E307CK), showing the circular disc lid and playback controls.. Mikus, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Dumb Terminal — A DEC VT100 video display terminal with its cream case, keyboard and CRT.. Jason Scott, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • The 8-Track Tape — An 8-track tape cartridge, the bulky plastic magnetic-tape music format of the 1960s and 1970s.. Erkaha, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Floppy Disk — A 3.5-inch floppy disk. Unknown, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Game Boy — The original Nintendo Game Boy handheld console in grey, with D-pad, A/B buttons and a monochrome LCD screen.. Evan-Amos, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Google Glass — Google Glass Explorer Edition smart glasses, showing the small prism display above the right lens.. Mikepanhu, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • HD DVD — An HD DVD case beside a Blu-ray case, the two rival high-definition optical disc formats side by side.. Jason Curtis, Museum of Obsolete Media, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Internet Explorer — The Internet Explorer logo: a blue lowercase 'e' wrapped by a golden orbital ring.. Microsoft, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The iPod — A white Apple iPod classic (5th generation) with the circular click wheel and colour LCD screen.. Evan-Amos, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • LaserDisc — A 12-inch silver LaserDisc optical video disc, far larger than a standard DVD.. Windell Oskay, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • The Linotype Machine — A Linotype hot-metal typesetting machine, with its keyboard, matrix magazine and casting mechanism.. Archives New Zealand, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Mechanical Calculator — A Remington Model 102 mechanical adding machine with a hand-crank lever, digit keys and a paper register.. Issac I Navarro, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • Mimeograph — A National Duplicator mimeograph stencil-duplicating machine on museum display.. Queensland Museum, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
  • The MiniDisc — A Sony MiniDisc, smaller than a CD in its plastic shell. Amp1010, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • MiniDV Tape — A MiniDV cassette, the small digital video tape of the late 1990s and 2000s.. Unknown, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Minitel — A French Minitel 1 terminal (1982): a beige unit with a small CRT screen, keyboard and built-in modem for the Teletel network.. Tieum, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • MS-DOS — A screenshot of MS-DOS 5.00 at the command-line prompt, running in an emulator.. Microsoft / PantheraLeo1359531, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Netbook — An Asus Eee PC netbook, the small cheap laptop that briefly held a fifth of the market.. Santeri Viinamäki, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Netscape Navigator — A screenshot of Netscape Navigator 2, the browser that defined the early commercial web.. Indolering, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Overhead Projector — An overhead transparency projector with its Fresnel lens stage and projection arm.. Swadim, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Pager — A Motorola Bravo Express numeric pager. Jakez, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Pager — A Motorola pager of the kind used in the 1990s. André Pinto de Souza, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Palm Pilot — A Palm Pilot 5000 handheld PDA on a plain background.. Mfatic, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Payphone — Red British telephone boxes at Covent Garden, London. M0tty, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Phonograph Cylinder — An antique cylinder phonograph with its horn and a wax cylinder on the mandrel.. Ben Franske, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Phototypesetting Machine — A Digiset 400T2 phototypesetting machine, which set type photographically onto film.. Fox Wu from Baden-Baden, Germany, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • AT&T Picturephone — An AT&T Picturephone videophone unit of the 1970s, with screen, camera and handset.. Richard Diehl (Labguy), CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
  • Plasma TV — A Pioneer plasma flat-panel television on a stand.. Myling, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Pneumatic Tube Mail — An 1861 test of London's pneumatic despatch system. Unknown, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Pneumatic Tube Mail — An 1899 map of the Paris pneumatic mail network. Unknown, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • The Pocket Electronic Organizer — A Casio Data Bank DC-665 card-style electronic pocket organizer with clock and memo storage.. TopGear-V12, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Polaroid Instant Film — A folded Polaroid SX-70 Land Camera, the instant-film camera that developed prints in the open air.. Cburnett, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Portable GPS Unit — A Garmin eTrex H handheld GPS navigation unit, a compact yellow-and-grey portable device.. Tim, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • The Punched Card — A deck of IBM punched cards holding a computer program, the data-processing medium of early computing.. ArnoldReinhold, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Reel-to-Reel Tape Recorder — A Revox B77 open-reel tape recorder with two tape reels mounted on the deck.. touhotus, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • The Rigid Airship (Zeppelin) — The LZ-129 Hindenburg rigid airship moored at Lakehurst Naval Air Station, New Jersey, January 1937.. U.S. Navy Bureau of Aeronautics, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Rotary Telephone — A black rotary-dial telephone with a handset and circular finger-wheel dial.. Berthold Werner, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Segway PT — Riders on Segway PT two-wheeled personal transporters in Washington, D.C.. Richard from DC, US, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • The Slide Projector — A Kodak carousel 35mm slide projector with a horizontal circular slide tray, Museo della Scienza e della Tecnologia, Milan.. Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Slide Rule — A Graphoplex slide rule, showing its sliding logarithmic scales. Tangopaso, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Slide Rule — A Faber-Castell Mentor slide rule. NobbiP, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Space Shuttle — Space Shuttle Columbia lifting off from Kennedy Space Center on April 12, 1981, the first Shuttle launch (STS-1).. NASA, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Steam Locomotive — A working replica of Stephenson's Rocket, the 1829 locomotive. Geni, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Steam Locomotive — The preserved steam locomotive Flying Scotsman at the National Railway Museum. David Moyle, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • The Steam Traction Engine — A steam traction engine on show at the Kenilworth Agricultural Show, 2010.. John Brightley, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • The Telegraph — A J-38 telegraph key, the classic hand key for sending Morse code. John Schanlaub, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Teletext — The final broadcast frame of BBC Ceefax, the teletext service, as it closed down in 2012.. BBC Ceefax, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Telex — Operators working teletype (telex) machines, a U.S. Army photograph from World War II.. U.S. Army, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Stock Ticker Tape — A mechanical stock ticker that printed price quotations onto a narrow paper tape.. Unknown, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Typewriter — A classic Underwood No. 5 standard typewriter. Unknown, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Vacuum Tube — An assortment of vacuum tubes (thermionic valves) of various sizes.. Stefan Riepl (Quark48), CC BY-SA 2.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0 de)
  • The VCR — A VHS videocassette. edusand, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • The VCR — A VHS cassette shown with a ruler for scale. Damian Yerrick, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Tape Camcorder — A full-size RCA shoulder-mount VHS camcorder of the kind used for home video in the 1980s.. Darian Hildebrand, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • The Cassette Walkman — The original Sony Walkman TPS-L2 with headphones. Binarysequence, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) — A Nokia 7110, one of the first WAP-enabled mobile phones, with its spring-loaded cover.. Jakez, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Windows XP — The Microsoft Windows XP wordmark logo.. Microsoft Corporation, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • The Zip Disk — An Iomega 100 MB Zip disk, the teal-and-grey removable storage cartridge of the late 1990s.. Bobulous, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Vanished Worlds

  • Abbasid Caliphate — The Malwiya, the 9th-century spiral minaret of the Great Mosque of Samarra, Iraq, built under the Abbasids.. Mohammedarab999, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Achaemenid Empire — Ruined columns and carved doorways of the Tachara, the Palace of Darius, at Persepolis. Carole Raddato, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
  • Achaemenid Empire — The Cyrus Cylinder, a clay barrel inscribed in Akkadian cuneiform, in the British Museum. Joyofmuseums, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Akkadian Empire — The Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, an Akkadian king, c. 2250 BCE (Louvre). Rama, CC BY-SA 3.0 fr, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0 fr)
  • Akrotiri — The Spring Fresco from Akrotiri: swallows in flight above red lilies, a Bronze Age wall painting, National Archaeological Museum, Athens.. Jebulon, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Ancestral Puebloan (Anasazi) — Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde, Colorado, a 13th-century Ancestral Puebloan cliff dwelling of over 150 rooms.. Andreas F. Borchert, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Armero — A December 1985 aerial view of Armero, Colombia: a few buildings standing amid the grey mud that buried the town.. N. Banks, USGS, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Austria-Hungary — The 1914 middle coat of arms of Austria-Hungary, combining the Austrian and Hungarian arms of the dual monarchy.. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Aztec Empire — Codex Mendoza folio 2r: the founding of Tenochtitlan, an eagle perched on a cactus amid the city's founders. Unknown, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Aztec Empire — The 1524 Nuremberg woodcut map of Tenochtitlan, the first European image of the city. Friedrich Peypus (1485–1534), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Beothuk — A drawing by Shanawdithit, the last known Beothuk, depicting Beothuk mythological emblems, made in 1829.. Shanawdithit, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Byzantine Empire — Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (Istanbul), completed under Justinian in 537. Arild Vagen, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Carthage — Punic-era ruins on the site of ancient Carthage, Tunisia, Rome's great rival until its destruction in 146 BCE.. upyernoz, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Czechoslovakia — Greater coat of arms of Czechoslovakia (1918-1938, 1945-1961): the Bohemian lion with the Slovak double cross and other lands.. Shazz, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Etruscan civilization — The Sarcophagus of the Spouses, a painted terracotta Etruscan funerary monument from Cerveteri, c. 520 BCE, Louvre.. Shonagon, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Gaul (Celtic) — The Dying Gaul, a Roman marble copy of a Hellenistic bronze depicting a mortally wounded Gallic warrior, Capitoline Museums, Rome.. BeBo86, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Guanches — A Guanche mummy from Tenerife, showing the pre-conquest Canary Islanders' mummification, National Archaeological Museum, Madrid.. Carlos Teixidor Cadenas, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0)
  • Gupta Empire — Sculpture panel on the Gupta-period Dashavatara temple at Deogarh, c. 500 CE, in an 1875 photograph.. Joseph David Beglar (1875), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Hawaiian Kingdom — Iolani Palace in Honolulu, residence of the Hawaiian monarchs and the only royal palace on US soil.. Don Ramey Logan, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Herculaneum — The excavated archaeological area of Herculaneum, its roofless Roman buildings sunk below the modern town of Ercolano.. Pierre André Leclercq, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Hittite Empire — The Lion Gate at Hattusa, the Hittite capital near modern Bogazkale, Turkey, with carved lions flanking the entrance, c. 1400-1200 BCE.. Bernard Gagnon, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Holy Roman Empire — The Reichskrone, the medieval gold-and-enamel Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.. Finanzer, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Inca Empire — Machu Picchu, the Inca stone citadel set on a ridge high in the Andes. Diego Delso, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Indus Valley (Harappan) civilization — The Priest-King, a steatite figurine from Mohenjo-daro, c. 2500-1900 BCE, Indus Valley Civilization.. Ganesh Mohan T, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Khmer Empire — Angkor Wat, the great temple-city of the Khmer Empire. Bjorn Christian Torrissen, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Mali Empire — Detail of the Catalan Atlas (1375) showing Mansa Musa of Mali enthroned holding a gold nugget, Bibliotheque nationale de France.. Abraham Cresques, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Maurya Empire — The Lion Capital of Ashoka, polished sandstone sculpture c. 250 BCE, Sarnath Museum.. lisa bat, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Minoan civilization — The Bull-Leaping fresco from the Palace of Knossos, c. 1450 BCE, Heraklion Archaeological Museum, Crete.. Jebulon, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Mongol Empire — The classic album portrait of Genghis Khan (National Palace Museum, Taipei). Unknown author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Mughal Empire — The Taj Mahal, the white-marble mausoleum completed 1653, Agra, built under the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.. Dhirad, edited by J. A. Knudsen, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Neo-Assyrian Empire — A lamassu, the human-headed winged bull that guarded Assyrian palace gates. Marie-Lan Nguyen, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Ottoman Empire — The tughra (imperial monogram) of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, Ottoman calligraphy in ink and gold, 16th century.. Ottoman imperial chancery, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Phoenicia — The Sarcophagus of Ahiram, king of Byblos, bearing the earliest substantial Phoenician inscription, c. 10th century BCE, National Museum of Beirut.. O. Mustafin, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Plymouth — Plymouth, Montserrat from the air, its buildings buried under grey volcanic ash from Soufrière Hills.. Patrick Hawks, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
  • Pompeii — The Via dell'Abbondanza, a main street of Pompeii, paved in stone and lined with the ruins of Roman buildings.. Lord Pheasant (English Wikipedia), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Kingdom of Prussia — Sanssouci, the rococo summer palace of Frederick the Great, completed 1747, Potsdam.. Till Krech, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Ptolemaic Egypt — The Temple of Horus at Edfu, a Ptolemaic-period sandstone temple completed 57 BCE, Upper Egypt.. Christopher Steinle, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
  • Qing Empire — The Forbidden City in Beijing seen from Jingshan (Coal Hill), the imperial palace complex of the Ming and Qing dynasties.. Pixelflake, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Russian Empire — Aerial view of the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, official residence of the Russian emperors from 1732 to 1917.. Godot13, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Saint-Pierre — The roofless stone ruins of the prison at Saint-Pierre, Martinique, destroyed by Mont Pelée in 1902.. Thérèse Gaigé, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC0)
  • Sasanian Empire — The Taq Kasra (Arch of Ctesiphon), the vaulted brick iwan of the Sasanian royal palace at Ctesiphon, Iraq.. Hassan Majed, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Seleucid Empire — Silver tetradrachm bearing a diademed portrait of Seleucus I Nicator, founder of the Seleucid Empire, with a bull's horn.. Classical Numismatic Group (CNG), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Selk'nam — A modern re-enactment of the Selk'nam Hain initiation ceremony, with participants in traditional body paint, Tierra del Fuego.. David Stanley, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)
  • Songhai Empire — The mud-brick Djinguereber Mosque in Timbuktu, a centre of learning under the Songhai Empire. Dr. Ondřej Havelka (cestovatel), CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Songhai Empire — The Tomb of Askia in Gao, a 17-metre mud pyramid built around 1495. Taguelmoust, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Soviet Union — The state emblem of the Soviet Union (1958-1991): hammer and sickle over a globe, framed by wheat and the red star.. Madden, reworked by F l a n k e r, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Srivijaya — Borobudur, the 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist monument in Central Java, built during the era of Srivijayan influence.. Zaenulihsan91, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Sumer — The 'War' panel of the Standard of Ur, a Sumerian shell-and-lapis mosaic, c. 2600-2400 BCE, British Museum.. LeastCommonAncestor, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Teotihuacan — The Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan, Mexico, one of the largest pyramids in the Americas, c. 100-200 CE.. Veethika, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
  • Republic of Venice — The Doge's Palace (Palazzo Ducale) in Venice, Gothic seat of the Republic of Venice until 1797.. Adriano (Italian Wikipedia), CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Vijayanagara Empire — The gopuram of the Virupaksha Temple at Hampi, in the ruins of the Vijayanagara Empire's capital, Karnataka.. Arun Varadarajan, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)
  • Western Roman Empire — The Colosseum in Rome. Diliff, CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.5)
  • Yahi — A 1914 portrait of Ishi, the last known member of the Yahi people, at the University of California.. Saxton T. Pope, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Yugoslavia — Flag of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1946-1992): a blue-white-red tricolour with a gold-edged red star.. Flag designed by Đorđe Andrejević-Kun; SVG by Zscout370, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)
  • Zulu Kingdom — A Zulu warrior in traditional dress, photograph c. 1917, New York Public Library Digital Collections.. Cornelius H. Patton (1860-1939), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)

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